|
Gothic architecture. The
architecture is what better it defines to the gothic one, strictly speaking of
her is that the movement is born. Architecture gothic was born in France and
Normanda in the middle of century XII and expanded by all Europe during
centuries XIII and XIV to a large extent to movement of reform Cistercians,
taken to I dig by San Bernardo, in 1112, since a series of abbeys arises in all
Europe, that makes echo in the new techniques - it mixes between romantic and
the gothic one -, contributing in one of main means of diffusion. It is thus,
like at the beginning of century XIII, the gothic architecture stopped being
exclusive patrimony of France to extend by all Europe. Two are the elements
essentially characteristic of the gothic architecture that determine their
regional variants and that they affect the general contexture of the building:
the vault of crucería and the pointed or pointed arc; affecting the first a
structure, and the other, more particularly, to the outer forms. The vault of
crucería concentrates the efforts in a determined point, centralizing the
pushes, which determines the disappearance of the massive walls of the
Romanesque one, which they are replaced by ample large windows with show
windows. The pushes are transferred by means of the flying buttresses to the
outer abutments, which end in pinnacles. The vault rests on highest pillars,
formed by a central bulk and leaned columns or ejector rods, in accordance with
the nerves of the vault, verifying itself the transition by a capital, with
vegetal subjects, that gradually they are decreasing in importance until
finishing being a simple decorative strip. To this dynamic concept of the
construction, as opposed to Romanic static, the acute forms of the arcs are
added to him, in which they open to doors and windows; these, like the rosettes,
with traceries, formed by geometric reasons, between which the show windows are
placed. The complication of these traceries, the appearance of new types of arcs
(conopiales, escárzanos, carpaneles) and the complication of vaults, that
increase the number of nerves, with their consequent consequences in the other
parts of the building, indicate the determining characteristics of the diverse
phases in the evolution of the gothic style. In main lines they can be
considered in the evolution of the gothic architecture in four periods, that
present/display analogous characteristics in the diverse countries of Europe.
We can consider a first period of transition, in which temples begun in Romanic
structure and finished are included in gothic. They present/display thicknesses
pillars with leaned semicircular columns in the fronts, and the diagonals.
Abutments like resistance system and never flying buttresses. To century XIII,
pillars of cylindrical nucleus with columns corresponding one to each nerve of
the vault, individual bases and capitals with vegetal decoration these. Vault of
crucería of fine nerves and moldings. Windows with traceries being based on
pointed arcs and trifoliate and cuadrifoliados rosettes. Flying buttresses. In
century XIV the excessive subdivision of columns begins, the vaults multiply its
nerves. The pointed arc equilateral. Complicate traceries of the large windows.
The last period corresponds to century XV; in him the decoration dominates the
architectonic lines. Baroque of the gothic style is the phase. They appear and
they spread, the forms of the arc of conopial type, carpanel and escárzanos;
traceries adopts curvilinear forms, with tendency to the forms, in S; the
starred vaults are extended sometimes, piercing itself additional, the capitals
disappear or adopt the combat formation of decorative strip. The cathedral is
the monument characteristic of the gothic architecture, in which all the
essential characteristics of the style meet. The gothic cathedrals were the
monuments higher than they had been constructed, and this fact began a type of
competition in Europe. Its plant, in cross form, is of three or five ships, with
cruise shorter than the one of the Romanic architecture, and in the head the
girola or deambulatorio, in which the polygonal chapels are opened, all locked
up in great means circle. The highest lateral ships are outstanding; those that
serve as bell tower and in that the ample large windows are opened. |
