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Egyptian architecture.
The Egyptian architecture by the use of the stone is characterized, in great
sellers, perfectly prepared, and the system threshold with discharges and robust
columns with capitals inspired by vegetal reasons. The architectonic
organization taking like basic element the column is an essential contribution
of the Egyptian art, like is it the foundamentatión of the beauty in the
mathematical reason of the proportions, is to say of the relations between the
parts that integrate the building. Essential foundation of this beauty is the
concept of the monumental hugeness, extending the human proportions, in which
difference fundamentally of the Greek concept. The constructions most
characteristic of the Egyptian art are the tombs and the temples. The oldest
type of tomb, that is repeated in the Low Egypt, is mastaba, that offers the
aspect of a truncated pyramid of rectangular plant, within which a small room
exists, serdab, for the offerings, one reduced chapel and, under earth, the
mortuary camera to which it is acceded by a well, that blinds once placed the
corpse. The superposition of mastabas gives rise to the staggered pyramid, like
the one of Zozer Pharaoh of II the dynasty, in Saqqarah. In IV the dynasty the
great pyramid of Keops is constructed, which they follow in importance those of
Kefrén and Mikerinos. Pyramid locks up in his interior two cameras funeral, one
in center and another one under earth, to that it is acceded by running Straits
that blind with great stone blocks, to guarantee the inaccessibility once placed
the corpse and the sculptures and to ajuar that in the Senate they are
deposited. Next to pyramids funeral temples are located, a road leads to the
Nile, where it is constructed to another temple and other dependencies that
create an atmosphere in which the pyramid is the attention center. In relation
with the pyramid of Kefrén, he is esfinge of Gizeh, picture of the Pharaoh. From
the Average empire, displaced the political center towards the south of Egypt,
to the hipogeos, tombs excavated in cliffs of the river are constructed, like
those of Beni-Hassan, or are excavated in the ground, like which they subsist in
the neighborhoods of Tebas. These tombs, whose accesses are hidden are
constituted by several rooms, disguised the communications among them, to avoid
the depredations.
The most characteristic temples correspond to the New Empire. Schematically they
are constituted by an avenue of esfinge, two obelisks, the rectangular access
that opens between two pylons or tapered walls, frequently decorated with
relieves, and ended by the characteristic Egyptian gullet, formed by a molding
and a strip whose profile is analogous to the one of the human throat. The
access gives to passage to a patio hipétro, without cover and with columns
around which hipóstila follows the room, that is to say, with columns, that
passage gives to the sanctuary in whose bottom a small camera very reserved is
located. the gradation in the luminosity that, like other aspects, has to
influence, in this case by opposition is observed, in the Christian temples in
which the Maximum luminosity is concentrated in the head. The temple was
completed with acidulous, templates and, fundamentally, with a convent and other
dependencies. They are characteristic those of Karnak, Luxor, Filae and Edfú.
Another type of temple has funeral character, speos, following the hipogeos
model, according to we see in those of Deir-el-Bahari, excelling the one of
queen Hatsepsut, of the New Empire, organized in three terraces and in which
they appear the protodóricas columns. They are very characteristic those of Abu
Simbel that are opened like great pilono carved on the rock, with statues in the
fronts and that consist of room with pillars, sanctuary and crypt. The Egyptian
houses were formed in two parts, emphasizing in them the great hall with
columns, that the zenithal light received or took advantage of the unevenness
between the walls and the cover because they were lower than the supports in
which it supported the ceiling, to the bottom located a garden. |
